‘Redshift’ in Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are commonly described in terms of Maxwell’s Equations, named after James Clerk Maxwell, who presented his“Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” to the Royal Society in December 1864.

 An essential part of Maxwell’s theory was that:

“There is an ethereal medium filling space and permeating bodies, capable of being set in motion and of transmitting that motion from one part to another, and of communicating that motion to gross matter so as to heat it and affect it in various ways.” Maxwell’s theory was championed by Oliver Heaviside, who further developed it in his “Electromagnetic Theory” published in three volumes in 1893, 1899 and 1912 respectively. Heaviside used a method of vector analysis to simplify Maxwell’s original equations and reiterated the essential function of the aether. Since the 1990’s it has generally been accepted that around 70% of the mass energy density of the universe can be attributed to “dark energy”.  Read more>>>>>>>>>>>>>

On Axionic Dark Matter, Gravitonic Dark Energy, and Multiverse Cosmology in the Light of Non-Linear Electrodynamics

In 1972, Zeldovich proposed the methodology of the electron positron pair production which can be used to approach the Early Universe cosmology. In this paper, we first discuss this approach in relation to an upper bound of a minimum time length, which compared to certain recent graviton mass study, creates a productive cosmological scenario.

Namely, a non-zero graviton mass gives a non-trivial a minimum scale factor and for a temperature varying cosmological “constant” parameter leads to Quintessence. Afterwards, we first consider more representations of density, and then compare density in the case of certain strengths for the magnetic nonrotating universe. In other words, we involve the weak energy condition versus a more generalized point of view. Read more>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Solar Aided Combined Cycle Power Plant

Integrated Solar Combined Cycle, ISCC, power plants can result in more efficient use of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and petroleum. The waste heat from the exhaust of the gas turbine can be used along with the solar energy to raise steam and drive a steam turbine. 

The world record for obtained power for less fuel was accomplished in April, 2011. Siemens setup a 580 MW power station with combined cycle operations of steam and gas turbines. The gas turbine blades were made out of crystalline nickel. The inlet gas turbine temperature was1400–1500°C. The boiler weighs 7000 metric tons and the heat exchanger has an area of 510,000 m2. Combined cycle power plant in China operates at efficiencies of about 59.7% recorded at a 430 MW power plant in operation. Thermo-economic analysis and 4E analysis – Energy, Exergy, Environment and Economic Analysis, second law costing methods can be used to confirm the feasibility of increases in thermal efficiency from 30% to ~60-75%. There is potential for power plant with higher combined cycle efficiencies in this country, United States from the current levels reported at ~40%. Read more>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Lasers are used in Nanostructuring, Microarray Analysis and Surgery

Lasers are used in nanostructuring operations that are depositional, epitaxial and lithographical in nature, in surgery, confocal scanners in microarray analysis and next-generation sequencing, and number of research applications. Atoms can be trapped using lasers and affect lower temperatures. Laser cooling may lead to agglomeration of atoms. Chu and Philips obtained the Nobel Prize in 1997. Nanoprisms can be generated using laser ablation techniques. The market for nanotechnology products is expected to exceed 1 trillion later this year. 

The break-down by industry type are about $340 billion from nanomaterials, $300 billion from electronics, $180 billion from pharmaceuticals, $100 billion each form chemicals and sustainability and $70 billion from transportation. Genominomics cost has decreased dramatically over the past 10 years. This may lead to a wider use of genome sequencers. Confocal scanners are used during microarray analysis. Cost of lasers may also be driven down by increased demand. Materials that went into the first semiconductor lasers can be used to make miniature lasers that are lower in cost, smaller in size. Alferov and Kromer were given the Nobel Prize in 2000 for their development of semiconductor physics. Both light source and energy supply are placed in mirrors in one mm sized crystals. Read more>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Optimization of Microstructure Optical Fiber using PWE Method for Investigation of Glucose in Intralipid

As far as optical technology scenario is concerned, standard/ conventional optical fiber plays an important role to make different applications in the field of photonics. The concept of standard optical fiber has been originated since long back. The transportation of light through conventional fiber is based on the principle of total internal reflection. The principle Total Internal Reflection (TIR) is accomplished, if the refractive index of core is higher than cladding, otherwise TIR phenomenon cannot be achieved. However a new kind of optical fiber is invention just before 18 years. 

The new class of optical fiber does not keep constrain regarding higher or lower refractive index between core and cladding. Depending on the lower and higher refractive index of core with respect to cladding, this optical fiber is divided in to two groups such as microstructure fiber and photonic crystal fiber. Light transports through microstructure govern the principle of Modified Total Internal Reflection (M-TIR), where M-TIR is analogous to TIR from standard optical fiber. It relies on a high index core region effective index provided by the microstructure region, where photonic crystal fiber is governed by the principle of photonic band gap. Read more>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>